FISH
Stingrays
Stingray venom has insidious and powerful localised tissue necrosing properties in humans. The wounds heal rapidly and without complications after excision of necrotic tissue. When first-aid measures, such as early immersion in hot water or irrigation of the wound have not been carried out wound exploration and debridement of dead tissue are indicated in at least some stingray injuries
No specific venom components have been isolated nor is an antivenom available.
Scorpaena buttata (scorpionfish)
Clinical effects - similar to stonefish with severe pain but not as deadly
Synanceja - stonefish
Clinical effects: due primarily to stonustoxin which produces immediate and extreme pain that does not remain localized but spreads to the trunk of the body. The pain is nonresponsive to morphine. The area immediately surrounding the injection site may become numb and the entire appendage may become completely paralysed. Localized necrosis must be watched for in the subsequent days and weeks. The systemic effects (CSL) are due to potent myotoxins, which act directly on all types of muscles. The venom may cause the release of acetylcholine, substance P, and cyclooxygenase products, or contain components which act at these receptors. Death is due to respiratory failure and is usually within hours of envenomation but death may also result from shock.
