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The Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake (Lampropeltis pyromelana
pyromelana) Natural History, Captive Care, and Breeding.
This article appeared in the September 1997 issue of Reptile Hobbyist
I was hiking to the top of Spruce Mountain (elevation 7,693 ft) in
Prescott, Arizona with some friends on an August afternoon when my boyfriend exclaimed,
"I see a milksnake, I see a milksnake!".
Now, I knew it was unlikely to be a milksnake, as the only milksnake found
in Arizona is the Utah milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum taylori), which has a
very limited range in north central Arizona. That left only two other options, the western
coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus) or the Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake (Lampropeltis
pyromelana pyromelana). When I got to the area of the discovery, the snake had crawled
under a small rock, which I had my companions gently lift to reveal a beautiful adult
Sonoran mountain kingsnake. Foolishly thinking the snake would not bite me if I picked it
up gently and did not restrict its movement excessively, I reached down and grasped
animal. Several things happened at once. First I noticed a very pungent odor emanating
from my hands, which I later learned was this species odoriferous musk, and then I felt a
strong pinch in my upper arm. When I looked down, I was so shocked to discover the snake
biting me that I temporarily let go of the animal's body. I was standing there, in front
of all my friends, with a three foot snake hanging from my arm by its teeth (this was the
first time I had ever been bitten by a snake). I regained my composure after a second and
supported the snake with my hands, at which point it let go. This time, I gently held the
animals with one hand restraining the head to prevent another bite. Fortunately, I had
just purchased a Arizona general hunting license, so I could legally keep my boyfriend's
find. My friend Gary make a quick snake bag out of his T-shirt and we drove home while I
repeated the mantra,
"That couldn't have been a coral snake could it?"
(I was not very experienced with snakes at the time). We added the snake,
which my boyfriend facetiously named "Jaws", to our collection (after quarantine
of course) and he is still one of my favorite animals to this day. Sonoran mountain
kingsnakes are generally excellent captives. This species is small, colorful, hardy, and
easy to breed in captivity, making it one of the most popular kingsnakes in herpetoculture
today.
Natural History
The Sonoran mountain kingsnake is found throughout the center and
southeastern montane regions of Arizona in pinon-juniper woodlands, ponderosa pine
forests, chaparral, and pine-fir belts. There is another subspecies in Arizona,
Lampropeltis pyromelana infralabialis (Utah mountain kingsnake), which has a
restricted range in extreme north central Arizona. A third subspecies, Lampropeltis
pyromelana woodini, was previously recognized, but has since been merged with L.
pyromelana pyromelana. The Sonoran mountain kingsnake is a small, slender species,
reaching an adult size of 42 inches (105 cm). (Markel, 1990). The snake is clad in over 41
rings of white or yellow-white bordered by thin black and wide red sections. The black
borders may or may not heavily intrude into the white rings. The coloration is similar to
that of the western coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus), causing some experts to
believe that the Sonoran mountain kingsnake is a Batesian mimic. Batesian mimicry occurs
when a harmless animal evolves to resemble another species which possess an anti-predator
defense, such as venom. One study showed that predatory birds avoided attacking banded
coral snake replicas, attacking cryptically colored models instead (Brodie, 1993). Other
than Batesian mimicry, the Sonoran mountain kingsnake possess one other defensive
mechanism, pungent musk. When disturbed this species emits a very strong and foul smelling
musk. Predators with a strong sense of smell find the musk repugnant and will often
release the snake before any extensive damage is done (well warned collectors however,
just hold their noses).
Sonoran mountain kingsnakes spend the majority of their time hidden under
rocks or in rock fissures. Thermoregulation is often accomplished by moving up and down
inside rock piles, rarely by basking out in the open. The only time Sonoran mountain kings
come out into the open is in search for food, a mate, or a preferred hiding spot or
hibernaculum. Often, this species can be found by lifting up rocks at the edges of boulder
piles, especially if there is a permanent water source such as a spring or stream nearby.
Make sure to always return any lifted rocks to their previous positions, this reduces the
impact on the habitat and also preserves a preferred hiding spot which can be checked
again for snakes on a future trip. To collect this species, an Arizona general hunting
license is required. The daily bag limit is 2 snakes, with a possession of 4 animals per
person (Levell, 1995) Sonoran kings are most active in spring and early summer during the
mating season, this is the best time of the year to see one in the open. During the winter
Sonoran mountain kings hibernate. The wild diet consists of small lizards, rodents, and
possibly snakes (Stebbins, 1984). Sonoran mountain kingsnakes, especially captive born
animals, make excellent captives.
Captive Care
As a relatively small species, an adult Sonoran king can be housed in an
enclosure with the minimum dimensions of 3 x 2 x 2 ft (.9 x .6 x .9 m). This species
prefers a well defined thermal gradient. The cool end of the enclosure should be 60-65
degrees F (15-18 degrees C) and the warm end should be 80-85 degrees F (27-29 degrees C).
This thermal gradient should be used during the maintenance months, but during hibernation
the temperature should be 45-55 degrees F (7-12.7 degrees C). This secretive species must
have a hide box in the enclosure, as well as one area where the relative humidity is
greater than 50% to facilitate proper ecdysis. Appropriate substrates include paper
towels, newsprint with soy-based ink, bark chips, and naturalistic substrate collected
from the animal's habitat. A clean bowl of water should be available at all times. This
species, especially wild-caught animals, may refuse food as early as early August/
September in preparation for winter hibernation. If the snake refuses food for several
weeks in a row in the fall, it should be hibernated, providing that it is healthy. Sonoran
mountain kings often show a strong feeding response after the winter hibernation period.
Wild caught adult animals can carry a heavy parasite load and should be
checked by a reptile veterinarian. There are several other problems that may occur with
wild-caught Sonoran mountain kings. Wild-caught adults are often prey imprinted on lizards
or wild mice and may prove difficult to acclimate to a captive diet of domestic mice.
Lizard-scenting domestic mice can be helpful in enticing Sonoran mountain kings to feed.
Some breeders have reported wild-caught specimens to be very reluctant to feed after
emerging from the winter hibernation period for the first two years in captivity
(Cranston, 1994). Generally, all of these problems can be solved over time if the proper
captive conditions and veterinary care is provided.
Breeding
The most important factor in breeding Sonoran mountain kingsnakes (besides
healthy breeders) is proper hibernation. Sonoran mountain kingsnakes require a hibernation
period of four to five months at 45-55 degrees F (7-12.7 degrees C). Before hibernation,
make sure that the animal has not been fed for two weeks in order to clear any intestinal
contents. Lower the temperature slowly over a period of two weeks until the hibernation
temperature has been reached. After the hibernation period, feed the animals, especially
the females, twice the amount of the maintenance diet. Smaller food items fed more
frequently are easier for the animals to digest than one large meal. Sonoran mountain
kings breed earlier in the season that other colubrids from more temperate regions, and
rarely double clutch. Some males may refuse to eat after a few weeks into the breeding
season (one track minds). Many breeders have had increased breeding success by
supplementing the female's diet with calcium. It is interesting to note that snake species
that consume lizards as a large percentage of their wild diet often show improved breeding
performance with captive calcium supplementation. It is possible that a diet composed of
lizards is higher in dietary calcium than a diet of domestic mice, which may account for
this phenomenon. Some breeders wait until the female has had her first post-hibernation
shed before introducing the male, although breeding may occur before this event if the
animals are put together. Gestation runs from five to seven weeks after copulation. Before
oviposition occurs, the female will have the typical colubrid pre-egg laying shed
(Cranston, 1994). At this time, introduce an egg-laying chamber into the enclosure. The
best egg-laying chamber I have found is a plastic shoebox with an entrance hole cut in the
lid. Fill the chamber halfway with damp spaghnum or peat moss. Occasionally, females will
lay eggs outside of the egg-laying chamber, these eggs often turn out to be infertile. The
eggs will be laid ten to twenty days after the pre-egg laying shed. Clutches range from
3-10 eggs, although some exceptionally large clutches from mature females may number
13-15. Incubate the eggs in moist vermiculite (1:1 ratio of water to vermiculite by
weight) at 78-82 degrees F (25.5-27.7 degrees C). Incubation times range from 60 to 85
days.
Hatchling Care
Like other lizard-eating species, neonate Sonoran mountain kingsnakes may
initially refuse to eat domestic mice. Many hatchlings will only accept a lizard or lizard
tail as their first meal. Lizard scented, washed domestic mice usually will
"trick" the neonates into eating a pinky. If lizard scenting does not work, the
"frankenstien" approach often will. Humanely kill both a domestic pinky mouse
and a lizard. Cut open the pinky from the base of the head to the base of the tail. Insert
a chunk of lizard. Offer a lizard scented pinky as the next meal. After that, the
hatchling will often accept unaltered pinkys. This rather gruesome approach has worked for
me on difficult Sonoran mountain king hatchlings as well as difficult hatchlings of other
species such as grey-banded kingsnakes (Lampropeltis alterna). Hatchlings can be
housed in the same manner as the adults, albiet within smaller enclosures
Conclusion
The Sonoran mountain kingsnake is popular with reptile enthusiasts for
good reason, it is beautiful, relatively easy to care for, and breeds readily in
captivity. Because this species is so secretive, it is difficult to observe Sonoran
mountain kingsnakes in the wild, but captive born animals can be found at almost any
reptile show in the United States. Lampropeltis as a genus is extremely popular
with hobbyists, with members like the Sonoran mountain kingsnake, it is easy to see why.
References
Brodie, Edmund D. 1993. "Differential avoidance of coral snake banded
patterns by free-ranging avian predators in Costa Rica". Evolution. 47:227-235.
Cranston, Thurgess. 1994. "Notes on the natural history and captive
husbandry of the Sonoran mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis pyromelana pyromelana). The
Vivarium. 5(4):15-17.
Levell, John P. 1995. A Field Guide to Reptiles and the Law.
Serpent's Tale Books. Excelsior, MN.
Markel, Ronald G. 1990. Kingsnakes and Milksnakes. T.F.H.
Publications Inc. Neptune City, NJ.
Stebbins, Robert C. 1985. Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton
Mifflin Company. New York, NY.
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